{"id":23144,"date":"2026-02-27T18:04:03","date_gmt":"2026-02-27T17:04:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/?page_id=23144"},"modified":"2026-02-27T18:04:03","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T17:04:03","slug":"lca-epd-guide-for-building-owners-architects-and-engineers","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/en\/lca-epd-guide-for-building-owners-architects-and-engineers\/","title":{"rendered":"LCA &#038; EPD Guide for Building Owners, Architects &#038; Engineers"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) is a methodology used to quantify the environmental impact of a product throughout its life cycle \u2014 from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal. LCA can include sensitive business information such as chemical use or innovations from manufacturers.<\/p>\n<p>EPD (Environmental Product Declaration) is a public, standardized report of a product\u2019s environmental impact based on LCA data verified by an independent third party.<\/p>\n<p>The purpose of EPD is to provide decision-makers \u2014 including <strong>b<\/strong>uilding owners, architects, and engineers \u2014 with comparable and transparent environmental information, enabling informed decisions early in a project. Contractors ensure that documentation requirements are met on behalf of the building owner.<\/p>\n<p>EPDs are most commonly used for carbon footprint calculations to assess potential greenhouse gas reductions, often driven by owner requirements, and are increasingly expanded with metrics such as LULUC for forest conservation. However, manufacturers may sometimes omit newer or updated data.<\/p>\n<h3>Reference Buildings and Certifications<\/h3>\n<p>Reference projects with BREEAM level Excellent or Outstanding certification require carbon footprint calculations of construction materials.<br \/>\nExample: <a href=\"https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/en\/2024\/07\/16\/spor-x-is-one-of-the-most-sustainable-office-buildings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spor-X in Drammen achieved BREEAM Outstanding certification.<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20984\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20984\" style=\"width: 1800px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/en\/2024\/07\/16\/spor-x-is-one-of-the-most-sustainable-office-buildings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-20984 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Spor-X-lite-vestibyle.jpg\" alt=\"Spor-X Drammen Norway,. Breeam-Nor Outstanding. Dark and Zinc architects\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Spor-X-lite-vestibyle.jpg 1800w, https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Spor-X-lite-vestibyle-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Spor-X-lite-vestibyle-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Spor-X-lite-vestibyle-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Spor-X-lite-vestibyle-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Spor-X-lite-vestibyle-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20984\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographer: Einar Aslaksen\/ Pudder Agency. <a href=\"https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/en\/2024\/07\/16\/spor-x-is-one-of-the-most-sustainable-office-buildings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dark and Zinc Architects published.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Generic Data vs. Product-Specific EPD<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Generic Data<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Based on average values from databases, often compiled by industry associations for concrete, timber, or steel.<\/li>\n<li>Typically used in early project phases before specific products are chosen.<\/li>\n<li>Useful for preliminary estimates and system selection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Drawbacks:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>May not reflect the actual product chosen, which could have a significantly lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) due to innovation.<\/li>\n<li>Using generic data in place of product-specific EPDs in detailed phases can provide misleading environmental performance results.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Product-Specific EPD<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Based on actual LCA data from the manufacturer and specific production line.<\/li>\n<li>Must comply with international standards (e.g., ISO\u202f14025, EN\u202f15804) and be verified by an independent third party.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Advantages:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>More accurate and relevant for detailed design and procurement phases.<\/li>\n<li>Reduces the risk of incorrect conclusions in environmental assessments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Challenges:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Not all manufacturers provide EPDs.<\/li>\n<li>Verification quality varies, and some EPDs may be based on <strong>incorrect assumptions<\/strong> if the verifier lacks expertise.<\/li>\n<li>Most EPDs focus on Phase A (cradle-to-gate carbon emissions) and sometimes Phase B (transport to construction site).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Common Errors with EPD Data<\/h3>\n<p>Verified <a href=\"https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/2023\/11\/15\/alvorlige-feil-med-epd-skader-klima-miljo-og-seriose-byggevareprodusenter\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">producers have documented issues such as<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Generic or average data being used as \u201cproduct-specific\u201d without reflecting actual production.<\/li>\n<li>Incorrect reporting of recycled material content.<\/li>\n<li>Verification that does not ensure technical competence, leading to published errors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Such errors can result in poor project decisions and greenwashing, where products appear more environmentally friendly than they truly are.<\/p>\n<h3>How to Use EPD Data Correctly in Building LCA<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Recommended Data Hierarchy<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Product-specific EPD from manufacturer (EN\u202f15804 \/ ISO\u202f14025).<\/li>\n<li>Product-specific EPD from a technically similar product if unavailable.<\/li>\n<li>Industry-average or self-declared EPD within the same product category.<\/li>\n<li>Generic LCA values as a last resort.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Iterative Approach<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use generic data in conceptual phases for high-level decisions.<\/li>\n<li>Switch to product-specific EPDs during detailed design and procurement for accurate, comparable results.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Avoiding Major Errors<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Require Standards and Third-Party Verification<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>All EPDs should follow:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>EN<\/strong><strong>\u202f15804<\/strong> for construction products<\/li>\n<li><strong>ISO<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>14025<\/strong> for Type III environmental declarations<\/li>\n<li>Verified by an accredited third-party verifier according to <strong>ISO<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>17065<\/strong> (certifies certification bodies)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ensure Transparent Documentation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Clear PCR (Product Category Rules) reference<\/li>\n<li>Open LCA data and module assumptions for verification<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Cross-Check with Independent Databases<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Compare with ecoinvent, EPiC, or national LCA databases<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Conduct sensitivity analyses to understan<\/strong>d data impact on results<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Include Contractual Requirements<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Specify validated product-specific EPDs in contracts<\/li>\n<li>Define consequences for documentation errors, such as technical penalties or remedial measures<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Consult experienced professionals involved in reference buildings to ensure reliable results.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/en\/2024\/09\/25\/asko-oslofjord-highest-level-sustainability-certification\/\">ASKO Oslofjord logisticfacility: Highest level environmental certification<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/en\/2024\/09\/25\/asko-oslofjord-highest-level-sustainability-certification\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21353\" src=\"https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Arkitektgruppen-Drammen.-Asko-Oslofjord.-Gront-tak.jpg\" alt=\"ASKO Oslofjord is Breeam Outstanding sertiisert. Arkitektgruppen Drammen.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"751\" srcset=\"https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Arkitektgruppen-Drammen.-Asko-Oslofjord.-Gront-tak.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Arkitektgruppen-Drammen.-Asko-Oslofjord.-Gront-tak-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Arkitektgruppen-Drammen.-Asko-Oslofjord.-Gront-tak-768x577.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Textdescription and photos\u00a0 from <a href=\"https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/en\/2024\/09\/25\/asko-oslofjord-highest-level-sustainability-certification\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arkitektgruppen Drammen.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Comparing Key Metrics in EPD<\/h3>\n<p>EPDs should be compared for similar functions such as walls, roofs, foundations, windows, and evaluated holistically for maximizing reduction of environmental impacts.<\/p>\n<p>Key indicators include:<\/p>\n<p><strong>GWP \u2013 Global Warming Potential<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Measures the accumulated warming effect of greenhouse gases relative to CO\u2082 over a chosen timeframe (usually 100 years).<\/li>\n<li>Expressed in CO\u2082-equivalents (CO\u2082e)<\/li>\n<li>Subdivided into:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>GWP Total<\/strong> = Fossil + Biogenic + LULUC<\/li>\n<li><strong>GWP Fossil<\/strong> = Emissions from fossil fuel oxidation and carbonate processes<\/li>\n<li><strong>GWP Biogenic<\/strong> = Biogenic CO\u2082 stored in or emitted from the product<\/li>\n<li><strong>GWP LULUC<\/strong> = Land use and land-use change emissions and sequestration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Other Environmental Indicators<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>ODP<\/strong> \u2013 Ozone depletion potential<\/li>\n<li><strong>AP<\/strong> \u2013 Acidification potential<\/li>\n<li><strong>EP<\/strong> \u2013 Eutrophication potential<\/li>\n<li><strong>POCP<\/strong> \u2013 Photochemical ozone creation potential<\/li>\n<li><strong>ADP (fossil, minerals &amp; metals)<\/strong> \u2013 Abiotic depletion potential<\/li>\n<li><strong>WDP<\/strong> \u2013 Water scarcity potential<\/li>\n<li><strong>PM<\/strong> \u2013 Particulate matter<\/li>\n<li><strong>IRP<\/strong> \u2013 Ionizing radiation<\/li>\n<li><strong>ETP-f<\/strong> \u2013 Freshwater ecotoxicity<\/li>\n<li><strong>HTPc<\/strong> \u2013 Human toxicity (carcinogenic)<\/li>\n<li><strong>SQP<\/strong> \u2013 Soil quality<\/li>\n<li><strong>PERE\/RPEE \/ REPM\/RPEM \/ PERT\/TPE<\/strong> \u2013 Energy use<\/li>\n<li><strong>Waste flows (A + D)<\/strong> \u2013 Outgoing useful flows from product system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Sources:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/lca.no\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LCA.no<\/a> \u2013 Environmental impacts EN\u202f15804 +A2<\/li>\n<li>Stockholm Resilience Centre \u2013<a href=\"https:\/\/www.stockholmresilience.org\/research\/planetary-boundaries.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planetary boundaries &#8211; Stockholm Resilience Centre<\/a><\/li>\n<li>World Greenbuilding <a href=\"https:\/\/worldgbc.org\/indicate\/\">INDICATE &#8211; World Green Building Council<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Also read:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/greenbuilt.no\/en\/faq-lcc-in-buildings-how-to-boost-value-from-design-phase\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FAQ: LCC in Buildings: How to boost Value from Design Phase<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Publish sustainable solutions for architecture<\/h3>\n<p>post@greenbuilt.no<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn how building owners, architects, and engineers use LCA and EPDs to assess environmental impact. 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